Structure of DNA: An Overview

Structure of DNA: An Overview The structure of DNA Deoxyribonucleic corrosive or DNA is commonly found in all creatures just as people. DNA is an acquired material that each individual has, and is set up in both the cell core and the mitochondria. A higher level of human DNA involve atomic DNA since it is found in the core. (Berger, 1998). DNA involves various properties, the most critical being; that it can duplicate itself. In the event of this procedure, the twofold helix strands of DNA are utilized as a model for reproducing the base successions. (Watson, 2011). This is a significant procedure in case of cell division because of the imperative prerequisite for each new cell to convey a precise DNA duplicate found in the develop cell. Adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), cytosine (C) and uracil (U) are significant five concoction bases that collect DNA’s coded data (Watson Crick, 2003). There are more than three billion of such synthetic concoctions. Over 99% of these bases have been end up being solid in all people (Buch ini Leumann, 2003). Because of the intricacy and relationship of the whole DNA structure, a top to bottom look of each part; DNA is the hereditary data of about every single living life form. It tends to be duplicated over age sections of cells; it very well may be changed over into proteins; and can be retouched when required. DNA is a polymer, made out of nucleotides (Watson Crick, 2003) Hydrogen bonds: bases blending The (hydrophobic) puts together are heaped with respect to the in the inside, their level surface are vertical to the hub of the twofold helix (Berger, 1998). The outside (phosphate and sugar) is hydrophilic. Hydrogen restrains between the bases of one strand and that of the other strand grasp the two strands together (ran lines in the drawing). A purine on one strand connects to a pyrimidine on the other strand. Thusly, the quantity of purines stores coordinates the quantity of pyrimidine stores (Watson, 2011). A ties T (with 2 hydrogen limits), while G ties C (with 3 hydrogen limits: increasingly stable connection: 5.5 kcal versus 3.5 kcal) (Rã ¤dler Safinya, 1997). Consequently, the substance in An in the DNA is equivalent to the one in T, and the substance in G rises to the one in C. The supplement of the 2 strands is accordingly (AT and GC) correspondence. One fills in as a layout of the other, and the other way around. This element permits precise replication (â€Å"semi-traditionalist replication: one strand - the layout is preserved, another is recently combined, same with the subsequent strand, saved, permitting another to be recently synthesized†) (Buchini Leumann, 2003). The model of Watson and Crick above portrayed in some cases contrasts from the Hydrogen limits in base matching from utilizing the N7 particle of the purine rather than the N1 (Hoogsteen model). Figure 1 Significant score and minor notch The twofold helix is a somewhat rigid and thick particle of an immense degree and a little measurement. It presents both significant depression and a minor furrow (Patil, Rhodes Burgess, 2004). The significant depression is significant and wide; the minor furrow is slim and shallow. DNA-protein associations are fundamental techniques in the life of the cell life. Proteins associate at the ground of the DNA grooves, utilizing an exact official: hydrogen limits, and diverted authoritative: van der Waals trades. Proteins perceive H-bond benefactors, H-bond acceptors, methyl gatherings (hydrophobic), which are later in the significant furrow (Rã ¤dler Safinya, 1997). The significant depression includes 4 likely examples of acknowledgment, and 2 with the minor score. A couple of proteins tie DNA in its significant furrow, some other in the minor section, and some need to tie to both. The minor score of twofold helical B-DNA is a division of extraordinary consideration for rising new medications due to its non-covalence high progression explicit associations for countless little atoms (Berger, 1998). Minor score restricting lies among the extensively examined class of operators exemplified by, a propelled progression particularity and having differing natural activities. Various them show antiviral, antibacterial, and antiprotozoal properties. Be that as it may, others have demonstrated antitumor action. Figure 2 H-DNA or triplex DNA Altered rehashes (palindromes) of polypurine/polypyrimidine DNA stretches can structure triplex structures (triple helix) (Watson Crick, 2003). A triple-abandoned along with a solitary abandoned DNA are framed. H-DNA may have a capacity in down to earth guideline of quality appearance just as on RNAs (for example suppression of interpretation). Figure 3 Triplex Forming Nucleotides Triplex framing oligonucleotides (TFOs) have achieved huge concentration as a potential helpful operator to point quality articulation (Patil, Rhodes Burgess, 2004). They are a gathering of DNA oligonucleotides which are equipped for melding with other fundamental depression of the duplex DNA making triple helix (Buchini Leumann, 2003). The production of a triplex adjacent to the principle groove prompts rivalry with the intertwining of translation factors and the proteins fundamental for interpretation. TFOs give explicitness arrangement and subsequently can be utilized to point and repress appearance of explicit qualities which are related with a specific malady state. Furthermore TFOs can likewise be utilized as symptomatic specialists for distinguishing proof of a remote DNA (viral or bacterial) or any sicknesses related to transformations. Official of Triplex Forming Oligonucleotides TFOs, in the range of around 20 bases, can tie in the significant section by means of Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds to the purine (An and G) bases at once abandoned DNA, as of now in the structure of the Watson-Crick helix. The coupling can happen at the degree of pyrimidines of one DNA strand and the contrary purines on the other. TFOs tie to the strand with purines. Separate of their base levelheadedness, TFOs can tie to the twofold helix either equal or antiparallel way to the purine-bearing strand (Buchini Leumann, 2003). TFOs made of pyrimidines (C and T) tie to the purine-rich strand of the target twofold helix through Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds in an equal way. TFOs involved purines (An and G), or blended purine and pyrimidine (G and T) tie to a similar purine-rich strand through converse Hoogsteen bonds in an enemy of equal style (Rã ¤dler Safinya, 1997). Oligonucleotides with adjusted auxiliary highlights Oligonucleotides pulling other compound moieties other than the typical bases are called â€Å"modified oligonucleotides†. The alterations can be arranged at the 3’-or 5’-finish of the oligonucleotide, or inside the sugar-phosphate endurance or at the nucleobases. For the most part all PCR applications are as yet potential if the adjustment is near the 5’-finish of the oligonucleotide. Opposite, changes at the 3’-end commonly wedge this end for extra enzymatic reaction. So as to accomplish a flat out obstructing, a transformed end or C3-Spacer alteration is suggested (Patil, Rhodes Burgess, 2004). Artificially integrated oligonucleotides bear free hydroxy (OH) assortment at their pertinent 3’-and 5’-closes (Berger, 1998). Moreover, some organic tests need the nearness of the regular structure of an oligonucleotide. This change requires being requested unequivocally (Rã ¤dler Safinya, 1997). Structure and Limitations DNA triple helices figure in an arrangement explicit path on polypurine:polypyrimidine tracts (1â€3), which are broad in mammalian genomes (4â€6). The third string lean back in the significant section of an essential duplex and is quieted by two Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds between third strand bases and the purines in the duplex (3, 7) (Buchini Leumann, 2003). The third strand may contain pyrimidines, or purines, separate of the character of the objective progression. In the pyrimidine (or Y.R:Y) theme, a homopyrimidine oligonucleotide ties in a pattern corresponding to the purine strand in the duplex, with sanctioned base triplets of T.A:T and C.G:C. In the other purine theme (R.R:Y), a homopurine strand ties antiparallel to the purine strand, with base triplets of A.A:T and G.G:C (8, 9) (Buchini Leumann, 2003). The advancement of TFOs could include grouping explicit quality focusing on reagents in live cells (12â€17) (Berger, 1998). Notwithstanding this, few hindrances despite everything should be survived. Triplex science and natural chemistry incur fundamental restrictions to TFO activity in the atomic setting, and target decisions are deficient to polypurine:polypyrimidine groupings (Watson, 2011). Furthermore, it is obvious that nucleosomes can restrain triplex arrangement (18â€20). Subsequently, straightforward entry to genomic targets is a significant issue. Possible utilizations of TFOs-quality focusing on Likely utilizations of TFOs grasp quality focusing on treatment especially for malignancy and the investigation of quality articulations. TFOs can quiet a quality record by pointing the correspondence inception destinations, (i.e., the advertiser locale), or by focusing on recording of extension by striking at the triplex restricting locales. Specifity of arrangement is the response to effective hereditary focusing on. With the utilization of explicitness, qualities that are focused on can be changed from multiple points of view. Quality treatment specialists change into powder kegs inside the cells without it. Triplex framing oligonucleotides (TFOs) intertwine into principle depression of the duplex DNA with high partiality and explicitness (Watson, 2011). Because of these properties, TFOs have been thought as host gadgets for the hereditary control. Late investigates have demonstrated that TFOs can intercede focused on quality accomplishment in mice, setting up the reason for the c onceivable use of those particles in a human being’s quality treatment. Particles that combine with the DNA twofold helix may meddle with quality appearance and, to add to the expected remedial applications, it very well may be valuable for the examination of DNA preparing, bundle of chromatin, or related natural procedures. The Triplex-shaping oligonucleotides (TFOs) meld with explicit arrangements

How Food is Viewed in the American Culture Essay examples -- nutrition

The vast majority wouldn’t deny that food is imperative to regular day to day existence, yet maybe it has more significance than basically feeding our bodies. As indicated by Carole M. Counihan, a specialist of human studies, food is imperative to the point that society has developed guidelines with respect to its utilization. Counihan stresses in her 1992 Anthropology Quarterly article, â€Å"Food Rules in the United States: Individualism, Control and Hierarchy,† that these principles fill in as the â€Å"means through which people develop reality† (Counihan, 1992, p. 55). Counihan advocates for the significance of considering food decides by clarifying that information about how food is seen in our way of life can complete three things: improve comprehension of different culture’s food rules, permit sustenance instruction projects to work with these principles, and uncover a part of society that keeps up our present separation framework, which has not be en altogether inspected at this point (Counihan, 1992). Through her investigation of food diaries kept by American undergrads, Counihan contends that their adherence to food decides recommends that understudies unequivocally trust in restraint and independence. Thus, these convictions fortify our present social pecking orders, explicitly classism, bigotry, and sexism. Counihan’s contention that our principles about food take into account the propagation of sexism is a convincing one that I especially concur with. I have by and by observed my closest companion plan her whole eating routine and exercise routine dependent on what her beau thinks. In spite of the fact that this article was written in 1992, I accept the message it passes on will at present be relevant in years to come. Counihan’s contention is multifaceted: she investigates a way of thinking that understudies adhere to specific principles about food that have been int... ... is significant. However, since we have done as such, it is much increasingly significant that we find a way to change what's going on. That’s why the ongoing spotlight on being sound as opposed to thin and crusades like the Dove Beauty Campaign where ladies are urged to see the excellence by they way they presently are so amazing to changing what Americans esteem. Despite the fact that Counihan composed this article eighteen years back, it despite everything has applications today. I do scrutinize her examination techniques. Utilizing a little example of food diaries from understudies being educated to think regarding human sciences could slant results. I would be extremely intrigued to see a bigger report done today, particularly with some advancement being made in the adjustment of America’s values. Works Cited Counihan, C. M. (1992). Food Rules in the United States: Individualism, Control, and Hierarchy. Humanities Quarterly, 65(2), 55-66.

80+ Psychology-Related Careers to Consider

80+ Psychology-Related Careers to Consider October 30, 2019 More in Student Resources Careers APA Style and Writing Study Guides and Tips So youve decided to major in psychology, but what exactly do you plan to do after you graduate? Competition for many jobs has increased dramatically and in order to compete in todays market, it pays to carefully consider your career options and select a field that is in high demand. One exercise you may find helpful is to look through a list of psychology careers to see what your options are and then narrow down the list to those in which you are most interested in. There are also lots of career paths in psychology beyond some of the typical options such as  clinical  or  counseling psychology. In fact, some of the most interesting job options might be those that you do not hear much about such as aviation psychology or traffic psychology. Illustration by JR Bee, Verywell Obviously, the best job is the one that you truly love, whether it involves providing therapy, conducting research, or solving real-world problems. Before you decide on a career, spend some time thinking about what really interests you and the type of work setting you would most likely enjoy. As of 2019, the demand for psychologists is expected to grow by 14 percent through the year 2026. While this is not a comprehensive list of every single psychology career out there, the following are just a few of the psychology-related jobs  that have a strong projected employment outlook or are considered an up-and-coming field with opportunity for growth. We highlight a few of these careers to help convey the enormous variety of employment opportunities within the field of psychology. Some of these career options are specifically in psychology while others are less related but still rely on the knowledge and skills acquired while earning a psychology degree. Psychology Careers Consider some of these options as you plan your career path. Art Therapist Art therapists  utilize the expressive and creative arts to help clients cope with psychological distress and to enhance emotional well-being. People who work in this field are trained in both psychotherapy and art. By using art, clients can communicate feelings, express creativity, explore different aspects, of personality, and cope with stress. Art therapy is often used in a variety of situations, including: Adults suffering from chronic or severe stressChildren with disabilitiesPeople who have suffered brain injuriesPeople who have witnessed or experienced a traumatic event   Aviation Psychologist Aviation psychology is a relatively little-known sub-specialty area of  human factors psychology  that involves the study of pilots, air traffic controllers, and other flight crew members. People who work in this field perform a number of different duties including: Evaluating prospective employeesDesigning flight decksSelecting and training pilotsAssessing cabin safetyInvestigating aviation accidentsConducting research on aviation safety Career or Vocational Counselor Thanks to the rapidly changing job market, many people are searching for a new job in their chosen field or even changing careers entirely.  Career counselors  help individuals make career decisions and utilize tools including personality assessments, interest inventories, and other evaluation measures. They often start by looking at a clients interests, job history, education, skills, and  personality  characteristics in order to determine which careers are a good match. They also help clients work on building skills, practicing interviews, improving resumes, and locating job openings. Assisting clients who are dealing with job loss or employment-related stress is also common. Clinical Psychologist Clinical psychologists  assess, diagnose and treat clients suffering from psychological disorders. These professionals typically work in hospital settings, mental health clinics, or private practices. Clinical psychology  is the single largest employment area within psychology, but there are still plenty of jobs available for qualified professionals. In order to become a clinical psychologist, you must have a doctoral-level degree in clinical psychology and most states require a minimum of a one-year internship. Most graduate school programs in clinical psychology are fairly competitive. Consumer Psychologist In a struggling economy where retailers and businesses are concerned with attracting new customers, the need for psychologists to research consumer behavior and to develop effective marketing campaigns has grown.  Consumer psychologists  not only study how and why people purchase goods and services, they also analyze how family, friends, culture, and media messages affect buying behavior. Some tasks that a consumer psychologist might perform include: Working with consumer focus groups to determine how appealing a particular product might beDeveloping advertising and marketing campaigns to appeal to a target audienceConducting theoretical research on shopping and buying behavior Counselor Counselors help people with a wide variety of problems, including marriage, family, emotional, educational, and substance abuse issues. While requirements vary, almost all states require at least a masters degree in order to become a licensed counselor. Typical work settings include K-12 schools, colleges and universities, hospitals, mental health clinics, and private practice offices. Engineering Psychologist Engineering psychologists  use psychology to investigate how people interact with machines and other technology. These professionals use their understanding of the human mind and behavior to help design and improve technology, consumer products, work settings, and living environments. For example, an engineering psychologist might work as part of a team to redesign a product to make it more efficient and easier to use in a work situation. Those working in academic settings report the lowest earnings, while those working in the private sector report higher salaries.?? Experimental Psychologist Do you love creating psychology experiments?  Experimental psychologists  use scientific methods and design research studies that explore many different topics within psychology. Social behavior, cognitive processes, personality, and human development are just a few of the topics that experimental psychologists might investigate. People working in this field often specialize in a particular area such as cognitive psychology, educational psychology, or personality psychology. They may also be employed in a variety of settings ranging from universities, government agencies, research centers, and nonprofit organizations. Forensic or Criminal Psychologist Forensic psychologists  apply psychology to the fields of criminal investigation and law. This has rapidly become one of the hottest psychology careers thanks to numerous portrayals in popular movies, television programs, and books. While the field may not be as glamorous as it is depicted in the media, forensic psychology is still an exciting career choice with a lot of potential for growth. Forensic psychologists often work with other experts to resolve child custody disputes, scrutinize insurance claims, perform child custody evaluations, and investigate suspected child abuse. If you are interested in this area of psychology, you might want to also consider the related field of criminal psychology.  Criminal psychologists  perform a variety of duties such as developing psychological profiles of criminal suspects, assessing convicted criminals to determine their risk of re-offending, and helping law enforcement catch online predators. Genetics Counselor Genetics counselors  help provide information about genetic disorders to couples and families. These professionals typically have graduate training in both genetics and counseling, and many have undergraduate degrees in areas such as psychology,  social work, biology, nursing, and public health. Genetics counselors often work with a team of medical professionals, including doctors, nurses, and geneticists to offer support, guidance, and assistance to families who have a family member with a genetic disorder or who may be at risk of passing down an inherited disorder to their offspring. Geropsychologist As the population of older adults continues to grow, the demand for professionals to attend to their mental health needs also increases. According to the Pew Research Center, the year 2050, 19 percent of the population will be age 65 or older. Geropsychologists do everything from keeping older adults mentally and physically healthy and vibrant to working with those who are frail and have cognitive impairments, explains Deborah DiGilio, director of APAs Office on Aging.?? Geropsychologists can work in a wide range of areas, from providing mental health services to aging adults to designing products that make life easier for the elderly. Health Psychologist Health psychologists  are focused on helping people living healthier lives. They study how psychological, biological, and social factors influence health. Two important areas of health psychology include helping people avoid illness and promoting healthy behaviors. Educating people about the causes of illness and teaching healthier habits are just two things that a health psychologist might do on a regular basis. These professionals often work in settings such as hospitals, universities, health care centers, and government agencies. Some of the job duties they may perform include helping people to lose weight, stop smoking, eat healthily, and decrease stress. Industrial-Organizational Psychologist Industrial-organizational psychologists  focus on workplace behavior, often using psychological principles to increase worker productivity and select employees that are best-suited for particular jobs. There are several different specialty areas  within industrial-organizational psychology. For example, some I-O psychologists train and assess employees, while others evaluate job candidates. While there are some job opportunities at the masters degree level, those with a doctoral-level degree in industrial-organizational psychology are in greater demand and  command significantly higher salaries. One sub-specialty area of the field involves working in human resources management to screen and hire job applicants. These professionals are often involved in designing and administering employment screening tests and selecting job candidates that are the best fit for particular positions within a company. School Psychologist School psychologists  work in educational settings to help children deal with emotional, academic, and social problems. Thanks to increased interest in the mental health of children and federal education legislation, school psychology has rapidly become one of the fastest growing fields. The demand for qualified school psychologists exceeds the number of candidates available, which means that job opportunities are plentiful. Special Education Teacher While slightly outside of a traditional psychology career, the field of special education offers a great deal of opportunity for those who enjoy helping children. Special education teachers work with students with a variety of disabilities. In order to become a special education teacher, you must have at least a bachelors degree and complete a teacher training program in special education. Because of the increased enrollments in special education programs and a shortage of qualified teachers, job demand is strong and expected to grow. Sports Psychologist Sports psychologists  focus on the psychological aspects of sports and athletics, including topics such as  motivation, performance, and injury. The two major areas within sports psychology are centered on helping to improve athletic performance or using sports to improve mental and physical health. Sports psychologists work in a wide variety of settings including universities, hospitals, athletic centers, private consulting practices, and research facilities. Traffic Psychologist Traffic psychology is an emerging field that involves applying psychological principles to understanding driver behavior. Some areas in this field include: Studying the relationship between driver behavior and traffic accidentsDesigning vehicles that are safer and more ergonomicSearching for ways to improve traffic safety and prevent auto accidentsResearching how people use transportation Traffic psychology often involves a multidisciplinary approach, combining fields such as social psychology, behavioral psychology, and  cognitive psychology. For example, traffic psychologists might assess how perception and cognition influence performance during a driving task. They might also look at how individual personality affects a drivers  emotions,  attitudes, and risk-taking behavior while driving. More Psychology Career Options Did one of the careers highlighted above catch your eye? Or are you still looking for something that matches your interests and goals? After earning your psychology degree, the specific career you pursue will depend largely on your educational background. Some entry-level jobs are open to those with an undergraduate  degree in psychology, while others require advanced or graduate-level study. The following are just some of the many psychology-related job titles that you might want to explore. Some are directly in the field of psychology, while others require additional training in another field or specialty area. In either case, having a solid understanding of the human mind and behavior can be beneficial in any of these careers. Academic CounselorAdvanced Psychiatric NurseAdvertising AgentAnimal TrainerAnimal ResearcherAviation PsychologistCase WorkerChild Care WorkerChild PsychologistCollege Admissions CounselorComparative PsychologistCommunity CounselorCounseling PsychologistCorrectional Treatment SpecialistCriminal InvestigatorCrisis CounselorCognitive PsychologistCollege Admissions OfficerCollege RecruiterCustomer Service AgentDevelopmental PsychologistEditorEducation AdministratorEducational PsychologistElementary School TeacherEmployment InterviewerEmployment RecruiterEnvironmental PsychologistExperimental PsychologistFamily and Marriage TherapistFinancial Aid CounselorGrief CounselorGuidance CounselorHuman Factors PsychologistHuman Resources AdvisorHuman Resources ManagerJournalistLawyerLibrary AssistantMarket ResearcherMental Health CoordinatorMilitary PsychologistMusic TherapistNeurologistOccupational TherapistPhysicianPolice OfficerPublic Opinion SurveyorProbation OfficerPsychiatric Social WorkerPs ychiatric TechnicianPsychosocial Rehabilitation WorkerPublic Relations AgentPublishing AgentPsychiatric AidePsychiatristRecreational TherapistRehabilitation CounselorResearch AssistantSchool CounselorSecondary School TeacherScience WriterSocial PsychologistSocial Services SpecialistSocial WorkerStatisticianSubstance Abuse CounselorTechnical WriterUniversity Psychology ProfessorVocational Rehabilitation CounselorYouth Counselor What to Consider Before Choosing a Career in Psychology Based upon this list of psychology careers, you can see that employment opportunities can be quite diverse. Some careers require only a bachelors degree in psychology, while others will require more advanced degrees such as a masters or doctorate. Spend some time researching different options and learn more about what you will have to do to enter those fields. Ask yourself if you have the commitment and resources to pursue the educational training you will need. As you examine the variety of psychology careers that are available, think about some of the following questions. How well does the career fit your personality?What kind of training and education are required to enter the field?Are the average salaries in a particular field satisfactory?What kinds of things do people in that particular career path do on a daily basis?Does the career sound interesting, challenging and rewarding? Finding the right career in psychology takes some careful planning. It is important to start thinking about what you might want to do early on. This way you can start planning your educational map in order to achieve your vocational goals. A Word From Verywell The jobs options listed in this article are just a few of the many different career paths that are available within psychology.  Do you feel like youve spotted your dream job? Or are you disappointed that your chosen specialty area isnt on this list? Either way, just remember that no list of predicted hot jobs can ever highlight all of the many options that are available within psychology. The important thing is to pick a career that is right for you, your interests, and your long-term goals in life.

Eo - Irregular Latin Verb

Eo, ire, ii or ivi, iturus - go Indicative Present Active Sing1 - eo2 - is3 - itPl1 - imus2 - itis3 - euntIndicative ImperfectSing1 - ibam2 - ibas3 - ibatPl1 - ibamus2 - ibatis3 - ibantIndicative FutureSing1 - ibo2 - ibis3 - ibitPl1 - ibimus2 - ibitis3 - ibunt   Passive (Impersonal) PresentiturImperfectibaturFutureibiturPerfectitum estImperfectitum eratFutureitum erit Subjunctive Present Sing1 - eam2 - eas3 - eatPl1 - eamus2 - eatis3 - eant Subjunctive Imperfect Sing1 - irem2 - ires3 - iretPl1 - iremus2 - iretis3 - irent Subjunctive Perfect Sing1 - iverim2 - iveris3 - iveritPl1 - iverimus2 - iveritis3 - iverint Subjunctive Pluperfect Sing1 - ivissem2 - ivisses3 - ivissetPl1 - ivissemus2 - ivissetis3 - ivissent Imperative PresentSingipliteFutureSing2nd Personito3rd Personitopl2nd Personitote3rd Personeunto Gerund and Supine Gerundeundi, eundo, eundum, eundoSupineitum, itu Infinitives Infinitive PresentireInfinitive Perfectivisse, isseInfinitive Futureiturus esse Participles Participle Presentiens, euntisFuture Participleiturus Irregular Latin Verbs Eo Fio - to becomeVolo - to wishnolo, nolle, nolui to be unwilling and malo, malle, malui to prefer are similar. Sum - to beDo - to giveFero - to carryEdo - to eat About Irregular Latin Verbs

Joseph Gatto, Former New York City Teacher Of The Year And...

John Taylor Gatto, former New York City Teacher of the Year and author of â€Å"Against School: How public education cripples our kids, and why,† believes that forced schooling essentially molds young minds into society’s servants. Gatto begins his argument by drawing on his own experience as a teacher and the history of schooling. He then demonstrates how schools turn children into consumers. Despite the fact that he believes that public education cripples young minds, he concludes by offering a solution. Although Gatto argues his point well by bringing in personal experience, background history, and effects, he generalizes many points, lowering his credibility. Teaching in the best and worst schools in America, Gatto himself experienced†¦show more content†¦Therefore, this lack of maturity leads children to believe everything they hear, stripping them of their independence, instead of independently thinking of something by themselves. Because everything is made more convenient, the demand for items, and more accessible, the kids are easily trained to become consumers by always wanting more. Concluding his writing, Gatto offers a fix to the traps of forced schooling. He advises to, instead, educate children to be independent leaders, speaking for themselves and within themselves. Throughout his years of teaching in the public schools, he finds geniuses are everywhere. Despite schools drilling and managing kids, Gatto believes the solution is to let kids manage themselves. While Gatto’s credibility leads the readers to subconsciously agree with all he writes, he over generalizes. While writing to students, he introduces bias by using words and phrases such as â€Å"wringer† or â€Å"deadly routine.† He generalizes by applying one thing to a whole subject matter. Gatto has only taught in Manhattan, but not everywhere in the United States. While many people may experience boredom, not everyone is diagnosed with it. Not all homeschoolers may be â€Å"happy,† as he states. The historical figures he mentions were not educated in the same way students are educated now; they were born of the selected type, genius or simply just lucky. He

Mediation †Foundations Free Essays

The organization NAFAAS – is an acronym for the National Association of Fine and Applied Arts Students. It is a body that oversees the welfare of its members – the fine and applied arts students. It presents intricate issues as violation of student’s right to the department, organize social activities and exhibitions, and engage in educational tours and visits. We will write a custom essay sample on Mediation – Foundations or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is also vested with the responsibility of raising and nurturing capable leaders to promote the â€Å"art† culture. The body is organized and governed by the following elected officers: The President, the Vice-President, Secretary General, Financial Secretary, the Treasurer, Director of Socials, Director of Sports and the Curator. The members are all duly matriculated students of the University. They pay an annual registration fee to the body and attend general meetings when they are summoned. The conflict A misunderstanding ensured when it was time to utilize some money from the body’s account. The financial secretary has issued about a thousand receipts and handed over five hundred payments to the treasurer. The treasurer recorded the given amount and the receipts. Unknown to the treasurer, the financial secretary went to change the figures to reflect a collection of a thousand payment and receipt. The president was to organize a welcome party for the association’s freshers only to discover that the money reflecting in the account differ greatly from the one recorded. An executive meeting was immediately summoned and the figures were laid based on the records. After much deliberation, the financial secretary and the treasurer were asked to account and pay for the loss otherwise they be sanctioned with expulsion. For precisely two weeks, they could not see eye-to-eye. This called for another meeting. Third party. The curator, supported by the two-third majority of the house, moved the motion for a meeting and a meeting day was fixed. The agenda of course was to discuss and if possible to resolve the differences between the two executive members. The session lasted for about two hours with heated debate and arguments. The meeting was adjourned without a reasonable progress on how best to resolve the conflict. A third party was agreed upon unanimously – the Patron of the association. He was actually the â€Å"best† to resolve the conflict as the parties involved [treasurer, financial secretary] respects him so much, besides he is the first patron of the association. The mediation At a pre-determined date and time, the mediator [the patron] and the two parties involved in the conflict met at the Association’s secretariat. Then and there, the patron listened patiently as they both recount their role in the incident. The mediator, being a trained one observed the starts and stops, the inconsistency of the financial secretary tactfully asked â€Å"why are the figures in correcting fluid?† the financial secretary by surprise responded â€Å"no †and later â€Å"I don’t know†. This question is supposed to have been directed to the treasurer being that he handles the recorded amount. The subsequent questions, responses and gestures were all geared towards the mediator trying to facilitate solution progress. He tried as much as possible to cool the tensed atmosphere – a situation where no progress can be actualized. Further issues were raised about the carelessness of the treasurer – for keeping important and formal documents at such trivial places. After much deliberation, a solution was finally reached. This was basically because of the status of and for the patron, otherwise the financial secretary already pre-determine he would negate all proposition that would subsequently lead to the findings – at least on a short term. The persuasion of the mediator [the patron] also did help matters. Emotion was deeply mixed with fact and the resultant effect was felt in the change of atmosphere. The financial secretary was finally willing to co-operate and let the cat out of the bag. He confessed to both the patron and the treasurer that he was deeply sorry for the incident and the conflict. Later on, he was strongly advised by the patron never to perpetrate such act. The treasurer and the patron forgave him. The sessions lasted for roughly two hours, thirty-five munites and were advised to go about their daily activities without any mistrust. They also agreed never to share with any other person [executives inclusive] how it was resolved or who actually was at fault. If I were the mediator, I would have made it a caucus interrogation. First, I would get background information from reliable sources about their attitudes and behaviors. This first hand research may or may not contribute towards knowing who actually was at fault or mediating them. After which I would personally interrogate them. I would facilitate solution progress by making relevant interrogations, delving deep into relevant issues that will sum up o the overall purpose – mediation. After all efforts made and I do not get to the route of the matter, I may if I have, decide to fund the repay for peace’s sake. If I do not have the money, I will at my possible best try to convince them to tell the truth. I will remind them of their original willingness to resolve the whole issue. Then proceed to advice and warn against future occurrence. This I believe will make them want to resolve it all. I will also strongly warn that all discussions towards the process of mediation be treated as top secret for indeed they are. References  §Ã‚   Dr. Mickey S. (2002).   Mediation – Foundations. Background information. Retrieved: February 22, 2007 from www.essaywriters.net How to cite Mediation – Foundations, Essay examples

Leadership - Chrysalids free essay sample

A leader is someone who guides, helps, or directs others. In the novel The Chrysalids by John Wyndhyam, leadership is what helps the telepathic group escape successfully and survive outside the community of Waknuk. David, Gordon and Michael’s leadership skills help all of the group members in various ways. These three characters are good leaders because they guide and direct their group to reach their goals. Firstly, when David takes on the role of being a leader, he gives precise orders, which helps their plan be successful. For example, when Michael informs David that they need to escape out of Waknuk at that very moment, David tells Petra, â€Å"Get dressed as fast as you can. Overalls. And be very quiet† (123). David is making sure Petra knows exactly what needs to be done in order for them to get out of Waknuk safely and quickly. Another example is when Michael tells David what to tell the Norms in case of an examination. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Chrysalids or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page David passes on the information to Petra by saying, â€Å"Do you understand that Petra? You tell them you can just make think-pictures to Rosalind and me. Nothing about Michael, or Sealand people† (155). David is reassuring that Petra understands what to say and what not to tell them because if she tells them something she’s not supposed to, their plan will be unsuccessful. Finally, when David is teaching Petra about thought shapes, he tells her, â€Å"Do it slowly and gently, as if you were making it out of cobwebs† (113). As David educates Petra, he specifically tells her how and what the thought shapes should be like, which helps Petra learn everything faster. David always has an objective in mind and it’s always reached when he tries his best to guide others. Secondly, Gordon leads his group by making sure his men are strong enough to know that they need to go to any extent until their purpose is complete. For example, when Gordon is telling his men what to do with David, he says, â€Å"Chuck him out. And if he doesn’t seem to understand that that means stay out, shoot him† (164). Gordon’s men know that they will need to go to any extent like killing David if any problems arise. Also, when all the Fringes people are getting ready to ambush the Norms, David thinks to himself, â€Å"He seemed [seems] to be dividing his men up into parties and instructing them by drawing diagrams in the bare earth† (184). Gordon tries to explain to his men carefully and completely what needs to happen, by drawing the diagrams in the bare earth. That helps them give a visual view. In addition, when everyone is getting ready to attack, David thinks, â€Å"For one thing there were standing orders from the spider-man to shoot me† (185). He knows that if he does anything foolish, Gordon’s men won’t think twice before shooting David. This shows that Gordon is a strong leader because all his men will not dare to go against his word and will make sure they go to any limit to fulfill orders given. Gordon conducts his group and makes sure anything and everything is done so the victory is his. Also Michael does everything in his power to ensure the safety of his group. Whenever Michael advises the group, he makes sure every detail is covered so there is no chance of error. Firstly, when all of the group members are trying to put together the details of what the Sealand woman says, Michael tries to figure it out by saying, â€Å"But what she seemed to me to be putting across was that she was particularly surprised to find it among†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (140-141). Michael discusses what is heard with the group. Secondly, when David, Petra and Rosalind are on the run, Michael keeps filling them in and tells them, â€Å"They’ll start to follow your tracks as soon as it’s light. Better get moving soon. I don’t know how it is in front of you, but†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (142-143). Michael helps his group by telling them all the information he knows. The information Michael finds out and passes onto the rest of the group, is helpful for their goal of getting out of Waknuk without getting caught. Lastly, when David, Petra and Rosalind are on the run, while Petra and Rosalind are sleeping, Michael tells David, â€Å"You mustnt let them get hold of Rosalind or Petra – far better to kill them yourself than let that happen to them† (143). Michael ensures that David knows that it is better for them to not live than to go through the torture the norms would put them through if they were to be caught. He tells David what the best thing to do is if they are in that situation. The group reaches their goals faster when Michael keeps filling them in on whats going on everywhere else and when he helps them with what needs to be done. In conclusion, in order for goals to be reached, a group needs strong leaders for guidance and direction. David gives precise orders as a leader, which helps everything to be done quicker and there are more chances of the plan being successful. There are times when Gordon gives strong orders, causing people following the orders to go out of their way to fulfill them. Michael is a good leader who will do everything possible to keep his group away from any danger. Good leaders possess strong leadership qualities such as guidance and direction that help to succeed in what needs to be accomplished.

The Alhambras Structure Buildings and Gardens

The Importance of Being Earnest Review

'The Importance of Being Earnest' Review ​​The Importance of Being Earnest is Oscar Wildes most well-known and best-loved play, as well as being an enormous success in his lifetime. For many people, it is the apogee of Wildes work. Like Wilde, the play is the very embodiment of fin de sieclà © British dandyism. However, this seemingly frivolous play has a much darker side. Its critique of Victorian societythough delivered in a velvet gloveis every inch an iron fist. The play is a satire both of the hypocrisies of the society in which Wilde lived, and the damaging effect that these hypocrisies can have on the souls of those live under their rule. Wilde was to become one of those souls shortly after the first performance of the play when he initiated a libel trial that was to lead to his imprisonment for being a homosexual.​ Overview ofThe Importance of Being Earnest The play is based around two young men, one of whom is an upright young man called Jack who lives in the country. However, in order to escape the drudgery of his highly conservative lifestyle, he has created an alter-ego, Ernest, who has all kinds of reprobate fun in London. Jack says he often has to visit his poor brother Ernest, which gives him his opportunity to escape his boring life and have fun with his good friend, Algernon. However, Algernon comes to suspect that Jack is leading a double life when he finds a personal message in one of Jack’s cigarette cases. Jack makes a clean breast of his life, including the fact that he has a young and attractive ward by the name of Cecily Cardew back on his estate in Gloucestershire. This piques Algernons interest and, uninvited, he turns up on the estate pretending to be Jack’s brotherthe reprobate Ernestin order to woo Cecily. In the meantime, Jacks fiancà ©e, (and Algernons cousin) Gwendolen has also arrived, and Jack admits to her that he is, in fact, not called Ernest, but is called Jack. Algernon, despite his better judgment, also confesses to Cecily that his name is not Ernest either. This causes a good deal of trouble in our heroes love lives, as both women have a rather strange attachment to the name Ernest, and cannot consider marrying anyone who does not go by that name. There is another impediment to the marriages. Gwendolens mother, Lady Bracknell, will not countenance her daughter marrying someone of Jacks social status (he was an orphan who was found by his adoptive parents in a handbag at Kings Cross Station). As Jack is Cecilys guardian, he will not allow her to marry Algernon unless his aunt, Lady Bracknell changes her mind. This seemingly irresolvable conundrum becomes brilliantly solved when, on inspection of the handbag, Lady Bracknell reveals that Algernons brother had become lost in just such a handbag and that Jack must, in actuality, be that lost child. What’s more, the child had been christened Ernest. The play ends with a prospect of two very happy marriages. The Importance of Being Earnest combines a labyrinthine plot, the seemingly irresolvable narrative of a farce, and some of the most comic and wittiest lines ever written. It is, as can probably be surmised from its extraordinary to-ings and fro-ings and its incredibly unlikely resolution, is not to be taken as a serious drama. Indeed, the characters and the setting lack any real depth; they are, first and foremost, vessels for Wilde’s witticisms lampooning the shallow and roots-obsessed society in which he lived.   However, this is not to the plays detriment – the audience is treated to some of the most sparkling verbal wit ever seen. Whether luxuriating in paradox or simply in the ridiculousness created by the plot that Wilde has set in motion, the play is at its best when it is portraying supposedly serious things in an extremely trivial matter.   However, this seeming piece of fluff is enormously influential and is actually a destructive critique of the social mores of the times. The emphasis that is put in the play on surfacesnames, where and how people were brought up, the way that they dressbelies a yearning for something which is more substantial. Wilde can be credited, by producing a piece of polished decadence, with contributing to the destruction of a class-based, surface-obsessed society. Wildes play seems to say, look beneath the surface, try and find the real people stifled beneath social norms. Brilliant, inventive, witty andwhen performedabsolutely hilarious, Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest, is a landmark in the history of Western theater, and probably that writer’s greatest achievement.

Statistical Mathematics Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Statistical Mathematics - Statistics Project Example The peak is flat, which is characterized by kurtosis = -0.05. The peak is off centered; the distribution is slightly skewed to the right, which is marked by skewness = 0.06. Figure 2 illustrates histogram of daytime accidents. Visual inspection shows that the frequency distribution does not have a bell curve shape. The histogram does not have a peak and frequencies are not equally distributed. The peak is flat, which is characterized by kurtosis = -0.07. The peak is off centered; the distribution is moderately skewed to the right, which is marked by skewness = 0.42. Figure 3 illustrates histogram of total vehicles on the street. Visual inspection shows that the frequency distribution does not have a bell curve shape. The histogram resembles the back of a two-humped camel; it is close to a bimodal distribution. The histogram does not have a peak and frequencies are not equally distributed. The peak is flat, which is characterized by kurtosis = -0.88. The peak is off centered; the distribution is moderately skewed to the left, which is marked by skewness = -0.14. The assignment is using a data set that has three variables: daytime car accidents, nighttime car accidents and total observed cars in evaluating number of accidents (Table 1). . The distribution characters of the variable in statistics are measured through the calculation and analysis of central tendency and dispersion of the data set. The following section provides the analysis mentioned above. Each variable has twelve values. The assignment uses mean, mode, median, and midrange to study the central tendency of the data set. Table 2 describes the central tendency. The mean and median tell us about data those are on the right and left sides of theses values. For example, total cars mean is 450. In ascending orders, the set shows that five values are on the left, and seven values are on the right side of the average. When we compare the same set with the median value of

Humor and madness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Humor and madness - Essay Example Seriously, what are the odds of someone who faked insanity to escape his punishment suddenly taking on messianic attributes en route to â€Å"liberating† a group of mentally ill patients? In a fictional setting of course its viable. This happenstance borders on the fantastic, and it is highly remote that people could just walk into asylums on the pretext of chicanery and â€Å"heal† the insane with the power of laughter. The novel shows us the great divide between humor and madness as a form of symbolism in connoting sanity vis-à  -vis insanity. In the dour, oppressive wards of the asylum people are so rooted in madness that they have completely forgotten how it is to legitimately feel happiness and appreciate humor. And then comes McMurphy, whose witty, cheery approach enlivens up a ward which hadn’t heard true laughter in years. The novel highlights the fact that those embroiled in madness no longer have the capability to experience real joy. Thus, humor serves as a virtual shield for the protagonist, lest he fall into the same trap that the patients have found themselves in. He utilizes humor so that it would serve as insulation from the madness around him, but in the process he inspires the rest of the occupants of the ward. The relationship between humor and madness go hand in hand as the story unfolds, with humor standing as a unique symbol for free-thinking, fully functional human bei ngs and the absence thereof showing a descent into the recesses of madness. Once Mcmurphy has gradually empowered the patients with his own brand of rebellious humor, the reader would get a distinct notion that the patients had actually improved and that they were slowly entering the realm of reason again. This was clearly manifested in the scene where Harding, Scanlon, Sefelt and Doctor Spivey all could truly laugh at the end of their bending-the-rules fishing expedition. It is quite obvious that a reasonable understanding of the

Etiology of Parkinsons Disease

Etiology of Parkinsons Disease Parkinson’s Disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, after Alzheimer’s. Onset typically occurs late in life, affecting approximately 1% of 65 year olds, with the prevalence increasing to 4-5% by age 85 (Dawson Dawson 2003). There are also rare cases of early-onset Parkinson’s, which are usually familial. Research into the gene mutations discovered in such hereditary cases has also contributed to the understanding of the aetiology of the spontaneous, late onset form of the disease. Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is characterized clinically by tremors at rest, bradykinesia (slowness of voluntary movement), muscle rigidity, decrease in postural reflex and facial expression and an altered gait (Kumar et al. 2005). A subset of patients (10-15%) also develop dementia. Symptoms are progressive and result in decreased mobility and eventually severe disability. The symptomatic motor disturbances arise from the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain. This results in a decrease in the dopaminergic content of the striatum. These areas play an important role in modulating feedback from the thalamus to the motor cortex. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES This report aims to investigate the current knowledge of the aetiology of PD, by examining evidence in the literature. It is crucial to understand the pathological mechanisms underlying the selective destruction of dopaminergic neurons in PD so that effective treatments and prophylaxis can be developed. PROPOSED STRATEGY Researchers have studied the molecular mechanisms of PD pathogenesis using a number of techniques: in vitro tissue cultures of human and animal neurons, post-mortem human brain tissue, mouse models of the disease, genetic studies and more novel techniques such as the use of ‘cybrids’. Evidence from all of these will be amalgamated and conclusions drawn. MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS OF PD That PD is generally associated with old age must be considered an important clue when trying to elucidate the causal mechanism of PD. The same is also true of the most common neurodegenerative disease, Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Both are also characterised by an accumulation of protein aggregates resulting in progressive neuronal loss, suggesting a common underlying pathology. Histological brain sections of PD patients shows characteristic, large inclusion bodies in the cytosol of surviving neurons of the substantia nigra, as well as locus ceruleus and surrounding brainstem nuclei, called Lewy bodies (Kumar et al. 2005). These are aggregates of à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¡-synuclein (Spillantini et al. 1997), a protein whose gene (SYN, aka PARK 1) has been linked to familial PD (Athanassiadou et al. 1999), as well as other proteins such as ubiquitin and synphilin-1. It is unclear whether these aggregates contribute to the pathogenesis, are a simple by-product or even part of an attempted protective mechanism, described as the aggresome theory (McNaught et al. 2002). Some evidence has recently been produced by Setsuie and colleagues (2005), using a PD rat model in which proteasome inhibitors caused inclusion formation, which resulted in decreased dopaminergic neuronal death that normally follows 6-hydroxyl dopamine (6-OHDA) administration. Lewy bodies are also found in low numbers in normal aging and AD (Jellinger 2001). However, Lewy bodies are not found in some cases of juvenile onset PD, which suggests that the inclusions are not crucial for neuronal death in the substantia nigra (Fahn Salzer 2004). Animal models of the disease, created using neurotoxins such as rotenone or 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), or transgenic mice that overexpress human SYN gene (for à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¡-synuclein) mutations, do not faithfully replicate the structure and antigenicity of the Lewy bodies found in PD (Dickson 2001). This highlights the problems associated with designing and producing an accurate animal model of human disease, which can be valuable tools, despite some limitations. Role of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) Although the precise role of Lewy bodies in the pathogenesis of PD is still unclear, the accumulation and aggregation of proteins suggests that there is a deficit in the cellular systems that normally remove and degrade abnormal proteins. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is one such pathway, and there is growing evidence that implicates this system in PD. In conjunction with the enzymes E1, E2 and E3, ubiquitin is activated and attaches to abnormal proteins to form a polyubiquitin chain. The proteasome recognises this complex and degrades the unwanted protein. The ubiquitin polymer is released from the targeted protein and digested by ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydroxylases (UCHs), to release ubiquitin monomers back into the system (Alberts et al. 2002). Ubiquitination and recognition of proteins to be degraded are ATP-dependent processes. If the activity of this clearance pathway decreases, misfolded or oxidatively damaged proteins will accumulate rather than being recycled (Sherman Goldberg 2001). Studies of the rarer, familial cases of PD have revealed evidence that this system is involved in PD aetiology, which has aided the understanding of the pathogenesis of sporadic PD. Gene mutations for two proteins that are involved in the UPS are of particular significance. Kitada and colleagues (1998) demonstrated a link between mutations in the parkin gene (aka PARK 2) and familial incidence of autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism (AR-JP) in Japanese families. Parkin is an E3 ligase within the UPS, and has been shown to have a neuroprotective role (Petrucelli et al. 2002). Despite this, parkin null-mutant mice exhibited normal behaviour and brain morphology, with no loss of dopaminergic neurons. Dopamine levels were altered, suggesting a possible role in dopamine regulation (Goldberg et al. 2003). Drosophila parkin null-mutants showed a consistent pattern of pathology, with locomotor deficits, sterility and decreased lifespan (Greene et al. 2003). These were attributed to mito chondrial dysfunction, which is also a feature of PD (see below). Research into the potential toxic effects of accumulation of parkin substrates has been inconclusive (Betarbet et al. 2005). Evidence points to parkin involvement in the pathogenesis of PD, but mutations of this protein are not sufficient alone to cause the disease. A missense mutation for the gene encoding the protein UCH-L1 has been detected in autosomal dominant familial cases of PD in Germany (Leroy et al. 1998). In sporadic cases of PD, UCH-L1 is downregulated and oxidized in the cerebral cortex (Choi et al. 2004), the significance of this is unknown. UCH-L1 mutations in mice produce neuromotor signs that are not typical of PD, and are characterised as Gracile Axonal Dystrophy mice (GAD). As for parkin, the evidence confirms some involvement in PD pathogenesis of these elements of the UPS, but points to the need for further research to fully deduce their role. Other genetic mutations have been identified, such as LRRK2 (a kinase;Zimprich et al. 2004) and DJ-1 (aka PARK 7), which is involved in a similar protein degradation pathway (SUMO; Bonifati et al. 2003). It is tempting to attribute the accumulation of à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¡-synuclein to a decrease in activity of the UPS, but evidence that à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¡-synuclein is a substrate of this system is contradictory (Paxinou et al. 2001), with results differing between in vitro cell lines and conditions. Some studies suggest that à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¡-synuclein accumulation may inhibit the UPS, resulting in further protein accumulation (Liu et al. 2005). Role of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress A significant amount of evidence supports the hypothesis of involvement of the UPS in PD aetiology. In familial cases genetic mutations have been discovered that account for a portion of the susceptibility to, and pathogenesis of PD; but other factors are obviously required for both early onset and sporadic cases to develop. UPS activity has been found to be lowered in sporadic PD patients, with impaired proteasomal activity and reduced expression of subunits in the substantia nigra (McNaught et al. 2003). Whether UPS impairment is a primary cause or secondary to another event is not yet clear. Some researchers believe that the mechanism underlying the dysfunctional UPS may involve mitochondrial dysfunction, which has also been implicated in other neurodegenerative diseases (Hashimoto et al. 2003). During energy production by respiration in the mitochondria, there is a continuous leakage of free radicals, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are also released by inflammatory cells. Antioxidant mechanisms exist to mop these up before they can cause oxidative damage to surrounding molecules, such as proteins, lipids and DNA, but these are not 100% efficient. This results in a gradual increase in damaged cellular components with aging (Vigoroux et al. 2004). Higher levels of oxidization products have been found in brain tissue of patients with neurodegenerative diseases such as PD (Dexter et al. 1994) and suggest an important role for free radicals in its aetiology. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage has been hypothesised to accumulate, leading eventually to mitochondrial dysfunction, which further increases free radical leakage. Mitochondrial complex I, in particular, has been implicated. Induced parkinsonism in animal models using the pesticide rotenone has been shown to inhibit mitochondrial complex I (Sherer et al. 2002). Administration of MPTP also induces PD symptoms and inclusion body formation, via the complex I inhibition of its metabolite MPP+ (Ram say et al. 1986). This has been recorded in human subjects following the use of illicitly manufactured narcotics, in which MPTP is produced as a contaminant, but has now been used to reliably induce disease in rodents to further knowledge of the pathogenesis of this disease. As well as providing valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying PD, the ability of chemicals to produce the symptoms and pathology of PD has also raised concerns about the role of environmental factors in the aetiology of the sporadic disease. Some epidemiological studies have linked pesticide exposure to an increased risk of developing PD (Park et al. 2005), as well as suggestions that increased coffee/caffeine consumption and smoking (Wirdefeldt et al. 2005) may have some protective benefits. Exposure to heavy metals, such as manganese has also shown a correlation with PD in some studies, but not all. Heavy metals are known to accelerate free radical formation and hence increase oxidative stress, so it w ould not be unexpected if higher levels were involved in PD aetiology. Results of epidemiological studies that claim to prove these positive and negative correlations with PD are contradictory, and further research is required, which could also take diet into account (particularly ingested antioxidant levels and lifestyle). Mitochondrial dysfunction may cause a decrease in UPS activity, either by reduced ATP production, which is essential for many processes of the pathway, and/or by increasing oxidative stress and damaging vital components of the system (Fahn Salzer 2004). The pivotal role of mitochondria has been elegantly demonstrated by the use of cytoplasmic hybrids. These ‘cybrids’ are formed by taking mtDNA from platelets of patients with PD and inserting it into cultured human neuroblastoma cells that have been depleted of their endogenous mtDNA. These neuronal cells faithfully recapitulate the structure and antigenicity of Lewy bodies (Trimmer et al. 2004), and similar studies have reported other pathogenic features consistent with a role for mitochondria and oxidative stress in PD. It is now widely accepted that oxidative stress is a contributory factor to PD aetiology, with markers of oxidative damage found to be higher than in non-PD controls. Antioxidants have been administered in a number of studies to further explore the impact of free radicals and therapeutic/prophylactic options. Transgenic mice that overexpress the endogenous antioxidant Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase did not show any symptoms or DA neuron loss following exposure to paraquat (herbicide)-maneb (fungicide), compared to non-transgenic controls (Thiruchelvam et al. 2005). Studies involving exogenous antioxidants have produced inconclusive results, and more research is required in this area. The specificity of dopaminergic neuronal loss, mainly in the substantia nigra pars compacta, in PD is replicated in chemically induced animal models of disease. The reason for this consistent and specific pattern of neuropathology may be due to the oxidation properties of DA, with highly reactive DA-quinones being generated. These are able to form complexes with à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¡-synuclein and may inhibit mitochondrial complex I (Asanuma et al. 2003). This has important implications for the commonly used L-DOPA therapy, which may also contribute to neurodegeneration. Some researchers also believe that inflammation may play a role in PD, as microglial cells proliferate in affected brain regions (McGeer McGeer 2004). CONCLUSION The aetiology of Parkinson’s Disease is multifactorial, with a combination of genetic, environmental and possibly immunological factors, many of which are still unknown or poorly understood. There is growing evidence from a variety of research techniques that oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and deficits in protein degradation pathways, such as the UPS are interlinked. The aetiological factors initiate a process that culminates in the accumulation and aggregation of proteins, mainly à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¡-synuclein, in dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal system, which leads to cell-death. Further research is required to fully elucidate the precise molecular mechanisms that underlie the neuropathology of PD, so that effective treatments or prophylactic advice can be established. REFERENCES Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K., Walter, Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th Ed. New York: Garland Publishing. pp.359-363. Asanuma, M., Miyazaki, I. Ogawa, N. 2003 Dopamine- or L-DOPA-induced neurotoxicity: the role of dopamine quinone formation and tyrosinase in a model of Parkinsons disease. Neurotox Res 5, 165-76. Athanassiadou, A., Voutsinas, G., Psiouri, L., Leroy, E., Polymeropoulos, M. H., Ilias, A., Maniatis, G. M. Papapetropoulos, T. 1999 Genetic analysis of families with Parkinson disease that carry the Ala53Thr mutation in the gene encoding alpha-synuclein. Am J Hum Genet 65, 555-8. Betarbet, R., Sherer, T. B. Greenamyre, J. T. 2005 Ubiquitin-proteasome system and Parkinsons diseases. Exp Neurol 191 Suppl 1, S17-27. Choi, J., Levey, A. I., Weintraub, S. T., Rees, H. D., Gearing, M., Chin, L. S. Li, L. 2004 Oxidative modifications and down-regulation of ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1 associated with idiopathic Parkinsons and Alzheimers diseases. J Biol Chem 279, 13256-64. Dawson, T. M. Dawson, V. L. 2003 Rare genetic mutations shed light on the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease. J Clin Invest 111, 145-51. Dexter, D. T., Holley, A. E., Flitter, W. D., Slater, T. F., Wells, F. R., Daniel, S. E., Lees, A. J., Jenner, P. Marsden, C. D. 1994 Increased levels of lipid hydroperoxides in the parkinsonian substantia nigra: an HPLC and ESR study. Mov Disord 9, 92-7. Dickson, D. W. 2001 Alpha-synuclein and the Lewy body disorders. Curr Opin Neurol 14, 423-32. Fahn, S. Sulzer, D. 2004 Neurodegeneration and Neuroprotection in Parkinson Disease. Neurorx 1, 139-154. Goldberg, M. S., Fleming, S. M., Palacino, J. J., Cepeda, C., Lam, H. A., Bhatnagar, A., Meloni, E. G., Wu, N., Ackerson, L. C., Klapstein, G. J., Gajendiran, M., Roth, B. L., Chesselet, M. F., Maidment, N. T., Levine, M. S. Shen, J. 2003 Parkin-deficient mice exhibit nigrostriatal deficits but not loss of dopaminergic neurons. J Biol Chem 278, 43628-35. Hashimoto, M., Rockenstein, E., Crews, L. Masliah, E. 2003 Role of protein aggregation in mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration in Alzheimers and Parkinsons diseases. Neuromolecular Med 4, 21-36. Jellinger, K. A. 2001 The pathology of Parkinsons disease. Adv Neurol 86, 55-72. 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M., Trojanowski, J. Q., Jakes, R. Goedert, M. 1997 Alpha-synuclein in Lewy bodies. Nature 388, 839-40. Thiruchelvam, M., Prokopenko, O., Cory-Slechta, D. A., Richfield, E. K., Buckley, B. Mirochnitchenko, O. 2005 Overexpression of superoxide dismutase or glutathione peroxidase protects against the paraquat+maneb-induced Parkinsons disease phenotype. J Biol Chem. Trimmer, P. A., Keeney, P. M., Borland, M. K., Simon, F. A., Almeida, J., Swerdlow, R. H., Parks, J. P., Parker, W. D., Jr. Bennett, J. P., Jr. 2004 Mitochondrial abnormalities in cybrid cell models of sporadic Alzheimers disease worsen with passage in culture. Neurobiol Dis 15, 29-39. Vigouroux, S., Briand, M. Briand, Y. 2004 Linkage between the proteasome pathway and neurodegenerative diseases and aging. Mol Neurobiol 30, 201-21. Wirdefeldt, K., Gatz, M., Pawitan, Y. Pedersen, N. L. 2005 Risk and protective factors for Parkinsons disease: a study in Swedish twins. Ann Neurol 57, 27-33. 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Micro and Macro Management Essay

Macro Management In a simple definition management is the person or persons who control or direct a business or other enterprise. However, management is much larger than just one person or small group of people. Management is also the practice of handling, supervision, direction, and control (www. dictionary. com). It is much larger than one person, or even a small group of people; management is everywhere. We use management in all aspects of our daily lives, whether it is organizing an event, or handling a purchase order. Management must be arranged through multiple levels in order to be successful, beginning with micro management, eventually its way up the ladder to macro management. Micro and macro components are the core make up of every business, each possessing different qualities and characteristics that form the overall building blocks to success. During the training of a new employee, most businesses use the micro-management process to provide the guidance and tools the employee needs to become successful with that business. Micro management is used my supervisors to observe and control the work of their employees. It involves giving employee smaller tasks, while they monitor and assess the work being done (www. dictionary. com). Micro management is often used in the beginning of any business or establishment; basically, you need to start somewhere. In the opening of a new business, guidance will always need to be offered from cooperate offices to ensure a clean transition in the opening process. Once a business is established, management will in turn micro manage their employees; guiding them through the procedures and responsibilities the company requires. Because micro managing involves supervisors overlooking the tasks their employees are undertaking, often times it is thought of as an unenthusiastic tactic. Through the eyes of an associate, micro managing can be de motivating, in turn creating doubt and lack of confidence in the workplace. Even though micro managing is used as an introductory tool, it can be drawn out for a longer duration of time. Distrust, skepticism, and uncertainty are typical feelings an employee may experience if their supervisor is abusing the method of micro managing. The role of manager is an important position of supervision in any organization. The supervisor/manager plays a key function, in the day to day needs of the organization, by finding a balance of work efficiency and managing personnel. This balance becomes even more prevalent when assigning projects or interacting with subordinates. This paper will analyze several aspects or pitfalls, managers could find themselves involved in; and will identify methods used to overcome these situations when supervising subordinates. The position of manager holds many responsibilities in an organization; those responsibilities range from dealing with requests from upper management and servicing employee’s needs, and while seeing to theses responsibilities, the manager still has to supervise the overall direction of his or her department. The multiple tasks a manager must operate within, requires the manager to be flexible and†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦

Difference Between Group and Team Diversity and Dynamics

The Difference between Group and Team Paper Difference between Group and Team Diversity and Dynamics Team The composition is planned and is set. People are recruited, groomed and trained or specific jobs that match their interest. People are recruited, groomed and trained or specific jobs that match their interests and the needs of the team. Each job has a specific set of skills. People with those skills or the ability to acquire them are recruited for the job. Teams have rookies and understudies who learn from those who are accomplished. They are preparing for the day they will lead. When people do not perform well, the team suffers. The team has ways of assisting the person or has systems for building their person's skills or moving him or her to another position. The planning by teams is called practice, run-throughs, or rehearsals. No matter how talented any individual team member, everyone plans. Teams have rituals, routines, and ceremonies that everyone learns and shares. Teams regularly review performance. Teams often prepare for the next piece of work based on the evaluation of the last piece of work. Teams know at most times how they are doing – if they are winning, scoring, or moving toward their stated goals. Teams often establish â€Å"Halls of Fame† retiring an honored jersey. Those who have performed well are held in high esteem. Members of teams are easily recognizable. There are usually colors, logos, T-shirts, and most important, common slang, songs, language, and history to link them to each other and the team. Time is important to teams. Most events have specific starting and ending times. Teams are often judged by what they can accomplish within a certain time frame (Klein, 2009, p. 77-80). Teams understand how important it is to consider the fans, the audience, everyone affected by the game. Teams know and respect the game's many stakeholders. Teams build team spirit into their plans and make sure to affirm and celebrate the work they accomplish together (Klein, 2009). Group The composition of the group changes from meeting to meeting – often without forethought. Members of groups are encouraged to take on jobs, positions, or tasks even if they are unprepared or not skilled in that area – and everyone knows it! People move in and out of jobs based on their inability to say no when asked. Little or no training or support is given by the group to individuals accepting jobs. . Leadership is often one-person deep, with the group highly dependent on a handful of people. When people either do not perform well or fail to perform at all, the group rarely acknowledges the failure. Groups often resist planning and use planning as corrective rather than proactive or preventive strategies. Planning is mostly done by a few people. Groups rarely create routine operations. Groups usually do not celebrate or debrief victories or defeats. Groups rarely assess their progress in achieving their stated goals or objectives in order to chart and measure their work. Groups rarely assess their progress in achieving their stated goals or objectives in order to chart and measure their work. Members of groups are often hard to identify. There’s rarely anything linking them to the group. Groups are often inconsistent in what time things start and end – especially meetings. Groups sometimes operate without thinking about their constituency (Klein, 2009, p. 77-80). Groups sometimes fail to develop a sense of team spirit. They assume everyone understands and works together. (Klein, 2009). Diversity and Dynamics Conclusion Reference Johnson, Heiman, & O'Neal. (2000). ProQuest. Journal of workplace learning, Vol_. (12),Iss_4, Laroche, Lionel. (2009). ProQuest. CMA Management. Vol. (75). Iss. 2; p. 22-26.

The Freedom Riders Essay - 1553 Words

Nearly 200 years ago, after the signing of the Declaration of Independence, slavery was no longer allowed; but America was still segregated. Segregation in many public places continued especially in the South. At this time, segregation was legal. In 1892, the Supreme Court had ruled that a state could separate whites and blacks as long as the services were equal. On May 4, 1961, a diverse group of thirteen courageous individuals known as the Freedom Riders embarked on a bus journey into the South in order to challenge segregation in bus terminals. Although many individuals believed that segregation was wrong, many southern states continued to practice racial segregation. Racial segregation is the separation of humans into racial groups†¦show more content†¦When asked by the driver why she had not stood up, Rosa replied that she did not feel that she should have to stand up. Parks said that she was tired of giving in. The police arrested Parks who was later released on bail. Rosa Parks became a symbol for the Civil Rights Movement by refusing to give up her seat and go to the back of the bus (Rosa Parks Biography). Although there had been a ruling by the Interstate Commerce Commission that blacks could sit wherever they wanted on buses that traveled through more than one state and the Supreme Court had ruled that segregation on buses was unconstitutional, blacks continued to face difficulties when riding buses in the Deep South. There were signs in southern bus terminals indicating areas where blacks were to sit. Separate restrooms were to be used by whites and blacks. In order to test these rulings and draw attention to the Civil Rights Movement, a decision was made to conduct Freedom Rides. A group of whites and blacks would challenge these practices (Freedom Riders). Those who wanted to be members of this initial group were asked to complete an application, include a recommendation from a teacher or pastor, and write an essay about their commitment to the civil rights movement. Those under the age of twenty-one had to have parent permission. Several dozen applications were received. The organizers selected Freedom Riders of various religions, ages, color, and areas of theShow MoreRelatedThe Freedom Riders1204 Words   |  5 PagesBBB Period N 18 March 2013 Freedom Riders Backlash The Freedom Riders strive through a journey of hardships to have their point accepted by others, which was bus desegregation. Through the journey the Freedom Rides took some obstacles that affected them physically and mentally. They fought threw times like the downfalls that their movement brought and the mobs that greeted them in every state. 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The Freedom RidersRead MoreAustralian Freedom Riders1024 Words   |  5 Pagesto the making of our own Australian Freedom Riders which were based on the Ameri can Freedom Riders who were making a difference with civil rights and discrimination in America. They travelled across America to raise awareness of the issues when it came to the African-American’s rights and they helped achieve equality. The Australian Freedom Riders helped in achieving freedom for the Indigenous Australians just like the Americans. The Australian Freedom Riders consisted of thirty students that attendedRead MoreThe Freedom Riders For African Americans1491 Words   |  6 PagesWho are the Freedom Riders you may ask? They were a courageous and daring group, which originally consisted of seven African Americans and six Whites.They fought for the equality and justice for their race. They fought against the racist South during the early 1960’s. Their goal was to make a safer and more fair world for current and future African Americans in the United States. They went through hardship and violence from things such as, angry mobs and racist law enforcement through a period ofRead MoreEssay about Freedom Riders1575 Words   |  7 Pages Freedom Riders â€Å"Freedom Riders† were a group of people, both black and white, who were civil rights activists from the North who â€Å"meant to demonstrate that segregated travel on interstate buses, even though banned by an I.C.C. Ruling, were still being enforced throughout much of the South† (The South 16). The Riders attempted to prove this by having a dozen or so white and black Freedom Riders board buses in the North and travel through Southern cities. This was all â€Å"a coldly calculated attemptRead MoreFreedom Riders: Rebels with a Cause1400 Words   |  6 PagesFreedom Riders: Rebels with a Cause â€Å"If not us, then who? If not now, then when? 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